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By Dr. Yuji Murayama |
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TA:Brandon Manalo Vista |
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College of Natural Sciences |
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University of Tsukuba |
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Because spatial is special…. |
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Almost everything happens somewhere - Almost all
human activities and decisions, strategies and plans have geographic
component. |
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Many problems of society have spatial
dimension. They involve a
question of locations. |
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Position of administrative boundaries |
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Location of new clinics and hospitals |
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Routing delivery vehicles |
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Management of forest stands |
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Planning a healthy urban environment, etc. |
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Major events that shaped GIS |
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Era of Innovation (1950s to 1970s) |
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Era of Commercialization (1980s to 1990s) |
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Era of Exploitation (21st century) |
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(based Longley et al., 2001: pp. 12 to 13; and
Foresman, 1998) |
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A special case of information systems where the
database consists of observations on spatially distributed features,
activities, or events, which are definable in space as points, lines or
areas…” |
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Dueker (1979: 106) |
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“…a powerful set of tools for collecting,
storing, retrieving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from
the real world.” |
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Borrough (1986:6) |
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An information technology which store, analyze
and displays both spatial and non-spatial data. |
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Parker (1988:1957) |
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" a decision support system involving the
integration of spatially referenced data in a problem solving
environment." (Cowen, 1988). |
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" any manual or computer based set of
procedures used to store and manipulate geographically referenced
data." (Aronoff, 1989). |
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" an institutional entity, reflecting an
organisational structure that integrates technology with a database,
expertise and continuing financial support over time." (Carter, 1989). |
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From Maguire; 1991 |
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Four approaches of GIS |
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1) process/function-oriented – information
handling capabilities of GIS |
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2) application – the problems GIS seek to
address |
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3) toolbox – GIS as a toolbox to manipulate
data |
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4) Database – GIS as a database system |
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Three views of GIS in relation to its function |
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1) Mapping |
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2) Database |
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3) Spatial analysis |
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GIS integrates data from various different
sources and helps to visualize patterns and trends that spreadsheets alone
won't portray. |
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GIS allows us to see patterns, linkages and
trends that put the big picture in context. |
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GIS allows us to manage places such as
watersheds, neighborhoods, communities, and ecosystems, etc. |
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Terrain: |
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Soil types |
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Land cover/land use |
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Geology |
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Lakes and water bodies |
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Land forms |
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Watershed basin |
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topography |
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Faults |
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Elevation |
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Slope-aspect |
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Streams |
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Wells/guaging stations |
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Ownership/administrative |
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Transportation lines |
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Settlements/points of interest |
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Parcel/land records |
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Street network |
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Facilities networks |
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Districts |
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Topography |
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Buildings |
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Terrain (polygons) |
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Terrain (line and points) |
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Organized collection of |
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Hardware |
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Software |
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Data |
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People |
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Procedures |
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Network |
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Data Sources |
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NSDI |
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Global SDI |
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From Chrisman; 2003 |
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The organized activity by which people: |
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Measure aspects of geographic phenomena and
processes; |
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Represent these measurements, usually in the
form of a computer database, to emphasize spatial themes, entities and
relationships; |
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Operate upon these representations to produce
more measurements and to discover new relationships by interpreting
disparate sources; and |
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Transform these representations to conform to
other frameworks of entities and relationship. |
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These activities reflect the larger context
(institutions and cultures) in which these people carry out their work. |
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ノート